The Siege Of Jerusalem


Christ had not long passed away from the earth when the reign of peace

and brotherly love which He had so warmly inculcated ceased to exist on

the soil of Judaea. Forty years after He foretold the destruction of the

Temple of Jerusalem that noble edifice had ceased to exist, Jerusalem

itself was burned to the ground, and a million of people perished by

sword and flames. It is this lamentable tale which we have now to tell.
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Caligula, the mad emperor, first roused the indignation of the Jews, by

demanding that his statue should be placed in that holy shrine in which

no image of man had ever been permitted. War would have followed, for

the Jews were resolute against such an impious desecration of their

Temple, had not the sword of the assassin removed the tyrant.



But the discontent of the Jews was not ended. They were resolved that no

image of the Caesars should be brought into their land, and carried this

so far that when the governor of Syria wished to march through a part of

their territory to attack the Arabs, they objected that the standards of

the legions were crowded with profane images, which their sacred laws

did not permit to be seen in their country. The governor yielded to

their remonstrance, and marched around the land of Judaea.



This concession did not allay the discontent. Felix, a governor under

Claudius, by oppression and cruelty aroused a general spirit of revolt.

Gessius Florus, appointed by Nero governor of Judaea, found his province

in a state of irritation and tumult. His avarice and robbery of the

people ripened this to war. The province broke into open rebellion. It

was quickly invaded by Gallus, the governor of Syria, who marched

through the country to the walls of Jerusalem. But he was not a soldier,

and was quickly forced to abandon the siege and retreat in haste, losing

six thousand men in his flight.






Nero now, finding that Rome had an obstinate struggle on its hands,

chose Vespasian, a soldier of renown, to conduct the war. This he did

with the true Roman energy and thoroughness, subduing the whole country,

and capturing every stronghold except Jerusalem, within two years. He

was called from this work to the struggle for the empire of Rome,

leaving his able son Titus to complete the task.



The taking of Jerusalem was not to be easily performed. The city was of

immense strength. It stood upon two hills, Mount Sion to the south,

Mount Acra to the north. The former, being the loftiest, was called the

upper, and Acra the lower, city. Each of these hills was surrounded by a

wall of great strength and elevation, their bases washed by a rapid

stream that ran through the valleys of Hinnom and Cedron, to the foot of

the Mount of Olives. A third hill, Mount Moriah, was the seat of the

famous Temple, an immense group of courts and edifices which looked more

like a citadel than a sanctuary of religious faith. The true temple

stood separate, in the midst of these buildings, its interior being

divided by a curtain into two parts, of which the inmost was the Holy of

Holies. The total group of edifices was nearly a mile in circumference.



Jerusalem, unfortunately for its defence, had, during the conquest of

the country, become filled with fugitives. To these the celebration of

the Passover, now at hand, added other great numbers, so that when the

army of Titus invested it, it was crowded with a vast multitude of human

beings. Filled with religious enthusiasm, accustomed to war, and

believing that the Lord of Hosts would come to their aid, the garrison

displayed a desperate resolution that the Romans were to find very

difficult to overcome.



Yet it was as much due to themselves as to the Roman arms that the city

at length fell. Resolute as the Jews were in defence against the foreign

foe, they were divided among themselves, the city being held by three

factions bitterly hostile to each other. One of these, known as the

Zealots, under Eleazer, held the Temple. Another, under John of Gisela,

an artful orator but a man of infamous character, occupied another

portion of the city. A third, whose leader was named Simon, a man known

for crime and courage, held still another section. These three parties

kept Jerusalem in tumult. There were ferocious battles in the streets;

houses were plundered, families slain, and when Titus encamped before

the walls, he had before him a city distracted by civil war and its

streets filled with blood and carnage.



The story of the siege of Jerusalem is far too long a one to be told in

detail. Several times during the siege Titus offered terms of pardon and

amnesty to the besieged, but all in vain. Divided as they were among

themselves, they were united in hostility to Rome. The siege began and

proceeded with the usual energy shown by a Roman army. Mounds were

erected, forts built, warlike engines constructed. Darts and other

weapons were rained into the city, great stones were flung from engines,

every resource known to ancient war was practised. A breach was at

length made in the walls, the soldiers rushed in, sword in hand, and the

section of the city known as Salem was captured. Five days afterwards

Bezetha, a hill to the north of the Temple, was taken by Titus, but he

was here so furiously assailed by the garrison that he was forced to

retreat to his camp.



Some days of quiet now followed, while the Romans prepared for a second

attack. The factions in the city, fancying that their foes had withdrawn

in despair, at once resumed their feuds, and the streets again ran with

blood. John invaded the Temple precincts, overcame the party of Eleazer,

and a general massacre followed which desecrated With slaughter every

part of the holy place.



Soon the Romans advanced again, and the two remaining factions united in

defence. Now the Romans penetrated the city, now they were driven out

in a fierce charge, and their camp nearly taken. And now famine came to

add to the horrors of the siege, and made frightful havoc in the dense

multitude with which every part of the city was thronged. The dead and

dying filled the streets, the wounded soldiers perished of starvation,

groans and lamentations resounded in every quarter; to rid themselves of

the hosts of dead John and Simon had them thrown from the walls, to

fester in heaps before the Roman works. Among the scenes of horror

related, a woman was seen to kill and devour her own infant child.



At length the Romans made such progress that all the city was theirs

except the Temple enclosure, into which the remainder of the garrison

had gathered. Titus wished to save this famous structure, and made a

last effort to end the siege by peaceful measures. Josephus, the Jewish

historian, who had been taken prisoner during the war, and was now in

his camp, was sent into the city, with an offer of amnesty if they would

even now yield. The offer was refused, and Titus saw that but one thing

remained.



On the next day the assault on Mount Moriah began. The Jews fought with

fierce courage, but the close lines and steady discipline of the legions

prevailed. The defenders, after a bitter resistance, were forced back;

the assailants furiously pursued; the inner court of the Temple was

entered; in the uproar of the furious strife the orders of Titus and his

officers to save the Temple were unheard; all was tumult, the roar of

battle, the shedding of blood. The Jews fought with frantic obstinacy,

but their undisciplined valor failed to affect the steady discipline or

break the close array of the legions. Many fled in despair to the

sanctuary. Here were gathered priests and prophets, who still declared

the Lord of Hosts was on their side, and that He would protect His holy

seat.



Even while these assurances were being given the assailants forced the

gates. The eyes of the avaricious Romans rested on the golden and

glittering ornaments of the Temple, and they sought more fiercely than

ever to hew their way through flesh and blood to these alluring

treasures. One soldier, frantic with the fury of the fight, snatched a

flaming ember from some burning materials, and, lifted by a comrade, set

fire to a gilded window of the Temple. Almost in an instant the flames

flared upward, and the despairing Jews saw that their holy house was

doomed. A great groan of agony burst from their lips. Many occupied

themselves in vain efforts to quench the flames; others flung themselves

in despairing rage on the Romans, heedless of life now that all they

lived for was perishing.



Titus, on learning what had been done, ran in all haste to the scene,

and loudly ordered the soldiers to extinguish the flames, signalling to

the same effect with his hand. But his voice was drowned in the uproar

and his signals were not understood, while the thirst for plunder

carried the soldiers beyond all restraint. The holy place of the Temple

was still intact. This Titus entered, and was so impressed with its

beauty and splendor that he made a strenuous effort to save it from

destruction. In vain he begged and threatened. While some of the

soldiery tore with wolfish fury at its gold, others fired its gates, and

soon the Holy of Holies itself was in a blaze, and the whole Temple

wrapped in devouring flames.



The rapacious soldiers raged through the buildings, rending from them

everything of value which the fire had left untouched. The defenders

fell by thousands. Great numbers perished in the flames. A multitude of

fugitives, including women and children, sought refuge in the outer

cloisters. These were set on fire by the furious soldiers, and thousands

were swept away by the pitiless hand of death. Word was brought to Titus

that a number of priests stood on the outside wall, begging for their

lives. "It is too late," he replied; "the priests ought not to survive

their temple." Retiring to an outer fort, he gazed with deep regret on

the devouring conflagration, saying, "The God of the Jews has fought

against them: to him we owe our victory."



Thus perished the Temple of Jerusalem, a magnificent structure, for ages

the pride and glory of the Jews. First erected by Solomon, eleven

centuries before, it was burnt by the Babylonians five hundred years

afterwards. It was rebuilt by Haggai, in the reign of King Cyrus of

Persia, and had now stood more than six hundred years, enlarged and

adorned from time to time. But Christ had said, "There shall not be left

one stone upon another that shall not be thrown down." This prophetic

utterance was now fulfilled. Thenceforward there was no Temple of the

Jews.



But more fighting remained. The defenders made their way into the upper

city on Mount Sion, and here held out bitterly still, rejecting the

terms offered them by Titus of unconditional surrender. The place was

strong, and defended by towers that were almost impregnable. Better

terms might have been extorted from Titus had John and Simon, the

leaders of the party of defence, been as brave as they were blatant. But

after refusing surrender they lost heart, and hid themselves in

subterranean vaults, leaving their deluded followers to their own

devices. The end came soon. A breach was made in the walls. The legions

entered, sword in hand, and with the rage of slaughter in heart. A

dreadful carnage followed. Neither sex nor age was spared. According to

Josephus, not less than one million one hundred thousand persons

perished during this terrible siege. Of those that remained alive the

most flagrant were put to death, some were reserved to grace the

victor's triumph, and the others were sent to Egypt to be sold as

slaves. As for the city, it had been in great part consumed by flames.

Thus ended the rebellion of the Jews. To rule or ruin was the terrible

motto of Rome.



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