The Conquest Of Siberia

In the year 1558 a family of wealthy merchants, Stroganof by name, began

to barter with the Tartar tribes dwelling east of the Ural Mountains.

Ivan IV. had granted to this family the desert districts of the Kama,

with great privileges in trade, and the power to levy troops and build

forts--at their own expense--as a security against the robbers who

crossed the Urals to prey upon their settled neighbors to the west. In

eturn the Stroganofs were privileged to follow their example in a more

legal manner, by the brigandage of trade between civilization and

barbarism.



These robbers came from the region now known as Siberia, which extends

to-day through thousands of miles of width, from the Urals to the

Pacific. Before this time we know little about this great expanse of

land. It seems to have been peopled by a succession of races, immigrants

from the south, each new wave of people driving the older tribes deeper

into the frozen regions of the north. Early in the Christian era there

came hither a people destitute of iron, but expert in the working of

bronze, silver, and gold. They had wide regions of irrigated fields, and

a higher civilization than that of those who in time took their place.



People of Turkish origin succeeded these tribes about the eleventh

century. They brought with them weapons of iron and made fine pottery.

In the thirteenth century, when the great Mongol outbreak took place

under Genghis Khan, the Turkish kingdom in Siberia was destroyed and

Tartars took their place. Civilization went decidedly down hill. Such

was the state of affairs when Russia began to turn eyes of longing

towards Siberia.



The busy traders of Novgorod had made their way into Siberia as early as

the eleventh century. But this republic fell, and the trade came to an

end. In 1555, Khan Ediger, who had made himself a kingdom in Siberia,

and whose people had crossed swords with the Russians beyond the Urals,

sent envoys to Moscow, who consented to pay to Russia a yearly tribute

of a thousand sables, thus acknowledging Russian supremacy.



This tribute showed that there were riches beyond the mountains. The

Stroganofs made their way to the barrier of the hills, and it was not

long before the trader was followed by the soldier. The invasion of

Siberia was due to an event which for the time threatened the total

overthrow of the Russian government. A Cossack brigand, Stepan Rozni by

name, had long defied the forces of the czar, and gradually gained in

strength until he had an army of three hundred thousand men under his

command. If he had been a soldier of ability he might have made himself

lord of the empire. Being a brigand in grain, he was soon overturned and

his forces dispersed.



Among his followers was one Yermak, a chief of the Cossacks of the Don,

whom the czar sentenced to death for his love of plunder, but afterwards

pardoned. Yermak and his followers soon found the rule of Moscow too

stringent for their ideas of personal liberty, and he led a Cossack band

to the Stroganof settlements in Perm.



Tradition tells us that the Stroganof of that date did not relish the

presence of his unruly guests, with their free ideas of property rights,

and suggested to Yermak that Siberia offered a promising field for a

ready sword. He would supply him with food and arms if he saw fit to

lead an expedition thither.



The suggestion accorded well with Yermak's humor. He at once began to

enlist volunteers for the enterprise, adding to his own Cossack band a

reinforcement of Russians and Tartars and of German and Polish prisoners

of war, until he had sixteen hundred and thirty-six men under his

command. With these he crossed the mountains in 1580, and terrified the

natives to submission with his fire-arms, a form of weapon new to them.

Making their way down the Tura and Taghil Rivers, the adventurers

crossed the immense untrodden forests of Tobol, and Kutchum, the Tartar

khan, was assailed in his capital town of Ister, near where Tobolsk now

stands.



Many battles with the Tartars were fought, Ister was taken, the khan

fled to the steppes, and his cousin was made prisoner by the

adventurers. Yermak now, having added by his valor a great domain to the

Russian empire, purchased the favor of Ivan IV. by the present of this

new kingdom. He made his way to the Irtish and Obi, opened trade with

the rich khanate of Bokhara, south of the desert, and in various ways

sought to consolidate the conquest he had made. But misfortune came to

the conqueror. One day, being surprised by the Tartars when unprepared,

he leaped into the Irtish in full armor and tried to swim its rapid

current. The armor he wore had been sent him by the czar, and had served

him well in war. It proved too heavy for his powers of swimming, bore

him beneath the hungry waters, and brought the career of the victorious

brigand to an end. After his death his dismayed followers fled from

Siberia, yielding it to Tartar hands again.



Yermak--in his way a rival of Cortez and Pizarro--gained by his conquest

the highest fame among the Russian people. They exalted him to the level

of a hero, and their church has raised him to the rank of a saint, at

whose tomb miracles are performed. As regards the Russian saints, it may

here be remarked that they have been constructed, as a rule, from very

unsanctified timber, as may be seen from the examples we have heretofore

given. Not only the people and the priests but the poets have paid their

tribute to Yermak's fame, epic poems having been written about his

exploits and his deeds made familiar in popular song.



Though the Cossacks withdrew after Yermak's death, others soon succeeded

them. The furs of Siberia formed a rich prize whose allurement could not

be ignored, and new bands of hunters and adventurers poured into the

country, sustained by regular troops from Moscow. The advance was made

through the northern districts to avoid the denser populations of the

south. New detachments of troops were sent, who built forts and settled

laborers around them, with the duty of supplying the garrisons with

food, powder, and arms. By 1650 the Amur was reached and followed to the

Pacific Ocean.



It was a brief period in which to conquer a country of such vast extent.

But no organized resistance was met, and the land lay almost at the

mercy of the invaders. There was vigorous opposition by the tribes, but

they were soon subdued. The only effective resistance they met was that

of the Chinese, who obliged the Cossacks to quit the Amur, which river

they claimed. In 1855 the advance here began again, and the whole course

of the river was occupied, with much territory to its south. Siberia,

thus conquered by arms, is being made secure for Russia by a

trans-continental railroad and hosts of new settlers, and promises in

the future to become a land of the greatest prosperity and wealth.