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Colonization

Louisiana Under The Royal Governors

Bienville again governor.—The expense of the Natchez W...

William's Second Reorganization

The Board of Trade.—As the war progressed, the enforce...

Provisions For Defence Government And The Fur Trade

Amherst's plan for defence.—While the Spaniards were o...

The Founding Of Louisiana

Applicants for La Salle's grant.—During the War of the...

The First Reorganization Of William Iii

The system as William found it.—When William III ascen...

Coahuila Occupied

The Nuevo León frontier.—While there had been d...

The War Of Jenkins' Ear

Puerto Bello, Cartagena, and Chagres.—As soon as war a...

Reorganization Of The Carolinas

Separation of the Carolinas.—Economically the Carolina...

The Jerseys

Settlements in the Jerseys.—When the Jerseys passed in...

Dutch Expansion

Commercial expansion of the Netherlands.—During the re...

Old And New Spain Under Philip Ii

Philip's inheritance.—Charles V's stormy reign came to...

The French Alliance

The French motives.—On February 6, 1778, France entere...

The Background And The Discovery

The fifteenth century witnessed the culmination of the Renai...

New England

Population.—New England contained some 80,000 white in...

Expansion Of The Massachusetts Bay Colony Rhode Island

Roger Williams.—The power of the Massachusetts magistr...

The Mines Of Northern Mexico

Audiencia and diocese of Nueva Galicia.—In 1544 Compos...

The Occupation Of The Floridas

The West Florida posts.—On August 6, 1763, Colonel Pr&...

Early Explorations And Colonizing Efforts

First French voyages.—The first Frenchmen who visited ...

Plymouth Colony

Failures of the Plymouth Company.—The Plymouth Company...

Foreign Intrusions In The Atlantic

The Spanish trade monopoly.—The French had been expell...



Military Occupation Of The Illinois Country








Plans to occupy the Illinois country.—By the end of 1761 British troops had taken possession of all the lake posts from Niagara to Green Bay, besides Venango, Miamis, and Ouiatanon further south. In July, 1763, orders were sent by the Governor of Louisiana for the evacuation of the Illinois posts, and boats were prepared at Fort Pitt for sending four hundred English troops to relieve the French garrisons. But the conspiracy of Pontiac delayed the complete transfer of this region for nearly three years.


The conspiracy of Pontiac.—Early in the war the tribes north of the Ohio had ravaged the Virginia and Pennsylvania frontiers, but after 1758 they had been quiet, although they did not like the English. They feared eviction from their lands, English traders had proved arrogant and dishonest, and General Amherst was attempting a policy of economy in presents, in spite of the criticism of the better informed Indian agents. Pontiac, head chief of the Ottawas, organized a general revolt, embracing the Algonquins, some of the tribes of the lower Mississippi, and some of the Iroquois. By a simultaneous assault in May, 1763, all but three northwestern posts—Detroit, Fort Pitt, and Niagara—fell almost without a blow. At Presq'Isle, Le Boeuf, Venango, Mackinac, Sandusky, St. Josephs, and Ouiatanon, there were massacres, and the garrison fled from Green Bay.


Failure of the Loftus expedition.—It being impracticable now to send troops to the Illinois country by way of the Ohio, this was attempted by an expedition up the Mississippi Major Loftus was sent from Mobile with three hundred and fifty men to occupy Fort Massac, Kaskaskia, and Fort Chartres. In February, 1764, he left New Orleans, but when two hundred and forty miles up the river, at Rocher à Davion, he was attacked by Tunica Indians, whereupon he abandoned the expedition and returned to Mobile.


Peace.—While Colonel Bradstreet reoccupied the Lakes, General Gage, Amherst's successor, resorted to conciliation, and a series of peace embassies were sent to the Illinois country from Mobile and from the northern garrisons. The submission of the Ohio tribes, failure of hopes for aid from New Orleans, and news of the transfer of western Louisiana to Spain, led Pontiac to negotiate at Ouiatanon in 1765 with George Croghan. At Detroit Croghan secured peace with all the western tribes. Thomas Stirling then descended the Ohio with a detachment and in October occupied Fort Chartres. "Thus, after nearly three years of fighting and negotiating, British forces were in possession of the last of the French posts in the West."


Establishment of government.—In accordance with the Treaty of Paris a proclamation of General Gage guaranteed the inhabitants the free exercise of the Catholic religion. Settlers were allowed to sell their lands and emigrate, or to become British subjects on taking the oath of allegiance. The inhabitants of Kaskaskia and other places asked and received an extension of the time for decision to March, 1766. Many of them emigrated to St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, or to New Orleans. The Proclamation of 1763 made no provision for civil government in the Indian reserve, and local administration was left to the military authorities and Indian agents. The French people were dissatisfied, and many misunderstandings arose between them and the English settlers and officers. By 1770 the complaint took the form of a demand for civil government, which was provided in 1774 by the Quebec Act.








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